Enhance HR & Fin communication Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 17500 words

Upgrade HR and Fin correspondence - Thesis Example Subtleties of every part can be depicted in the accompanying way. The area will be included after consummation of the undertaking, accordingly, this segment will be written in past tense. Reason for the venture will be characterized and sub research destinations will likewise be advised in this segment. At that point, brief about chosen research philosophy will be given. Key discoveries of this examination paper will likewise talked about. Toward the end section, 4 to 5 catchphrases will be included. Essentially first and second headings will be utilized all through the paper and these headings will be featured in the chapter by chapter list part. Reference list (Works Cited for MLA) and informative supplements will likewise be included the chapter by chapter guide. Separate rundown of tables and figures utilized in the examination paper will likewise be included after list of chapters. In this area, foundation of the exploration issue named as â€Å"Communication between Human asset Division and Finance Division in Department of Transport for the legislature of Abu Dhabi† will be created. In straightforward words, destinations just as need of this venture will be expressed. Hypothetical contentions of various examination researchers will be utilized to create setting/foundation of the exploration issue. So as to associate the examination issue with Department of Transportation †Abu Dhabi (DoT), brief conversation will be included. In any case, presentation of the organization won't be included. Thinking about recommendation of your administrator, statement of purpose or incentive of the Department of Transportation †Abu Dhabi (DoT) will be deliberately disregarded in the presentation area. Hole in the writing audit with respect to the examination issue will be featured so as to build up significance of the exploration venture. Recognizing hole in t he writing will assist the investigation with justifying the choice of the exploration subject. For instance, the hole

War On Drugs Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

War On Drugs Essay, Research Paper The Wonderful War on Drugs The Wonderful War On Drugs In late mature ages the claimed? war on drugs? has assumed control over the boulevards and back roads of rural America. It has caused an occupation that reflects the disallowance yearss of the 1920? s and mid 30? s. Government officials trying to play? intense feline, ? are simply loaning to more power. Their Torahs have made a subterranean medication exchange, in which present day street pharmacists have taken the topographic purpose of the moonshiners of old. The existent request is whether or non this? war? is working. The vast majority would wish to accept that it is, and there are a couple of measurements that show it has. In any case, simply observe any knowledge plan, and you will see this war has bombed hopelessly. Medication related offenses go on constantly in today? s society, and in late mature ages have included expanding Numberss of guiltless pass standards. We will compose a custom article test on War On Drugs Essay Research Paper The or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Day by day, constabulary officials face savage merchants, who might rather hit at a bull than burn through 25 mature ages in jail. On all that, there has been no existent fitting proof of a decrease in tranquilize utilization among individuals in America. Is this? war? really the best answer to America? s across the board medicate work? Should the specialists be permitted to pass one million millions yearly battling this sad war? Taking a gander at this data you start to perceive that, non only does this? war? influence each person in the U.S. , yet it is other than a war without any victors. War is neer sensibly, and the war on drugs is no avoidance. For this? war? to work it must stop medicates in any event one of three nations. Either by stopping drugs at the limit line, ending drug brokers at spot, or thwarting medication utilization inside the state. Military and statute authorization has neglected to help through any of these, and it is non on account of constrained financess. ? Last twelvemonth region and government authoritiess spent $ 30 billion or more on the contention against drugs? ( Anony71 ) . This repulsive dispensing hasn? T made a scratch in the cutting edge sedate exchange. Legislators are trying to approach the activity with gracefully side monetary sciences. You attempt to blockade the flexibly to force the expense of troublesome medications up, valuing most clients out of the market. It has non worked. ? Cocaine and diacetylmorphine fiscal qualities have fallen significantly since the mid 80? s, while quality and virtue will in general be lifting in these medications? ( Anony71 ) . The measurements sing drug ban at the limit line have demonstrated stopping drugs at the limit line is a costly disappointment. Joseph McNamara state? s? the specialists evaluates that they hold onto only 10 % of the medications going over the limit line? ( 537 ) . Stoping the merchants inside our ain limit lines hasn? T demonstrated a simple endeavor either. Wi th constabulary going after progressively regular clients dealers are compelled to strive all the more fiercely for less customers. Specialists in Detroit are expressing that they? re? seeing less overdoses, however more medication related shots, stabbings, and attacks as brokers battle among themselves? ( Torr39 ) . No existent decreasing in medicate utilization among residents has been viewed as an outcome of constabulary activity in any case. Expanding Numberss of teenagers are going to an existence of medications in America. ? Maryjane utilization among teenagers has multiplied in the last three mature ages? , while at a similar clasp? Americans are passing $ 20 billion yearly on tranquilize related clinical expenses? ( McCaffery4 ) . For this chiropteran tle to be battled, it must be demonstrated as a reason worth fighting for. Fencing off the full state, and crowding peaceful miscreants in as of now stuffed detainment facilities is non a savvy way for this contention to be won. In the event that you look carefully it is clear to see that restriction has non worked in the days of old, and will most strongly non work in the great beyond. Should the specialists really be permitted to arraign peaceful transgressors for consensual offenses submitted in their ain spot? You may hold heard the expressing? history ever rehashes itself, ? does America non recover what the aftereffect of intoxicant denial was. The banning of any controlled substance will simply pass on ascend to increasingly savage criminal ready to risk life and appendage for high total compensations. By taking medications unlawful, they are other than doing drug fiscal qualities soar. As Weir puts it? the War on Drugs makes opiates a 100 times increasingly costly, than if th ey somehow managed to be bought legally? ( 160 ) . This expansion in money related worth makes in-your-face clients execute offenses all the more regularly to back up their wont. It other than expands prompting for the individuals who are make bolding bounty to cover and sneak illicit medications. Another result of denial is all the more in-your-face utilization, or glutting on the illicit substance. Weir other than includes? as structures from disallowance appear, doing a substance unlawful only results in a modification from consistent, moderate ingestion to pig out? ( 160 ) . Disallowance Torahs of the 1920? s only achieved a huge, mafia controlled industry for intoxicant, while making nil to hinder guzzling among residents. Making something unlawful just makes a forbidden, which individuals will hinder simply on the grounds that they know its off base. By forbiding drugs more individuals are probably going to test as a way of emerging against the framework. A few people will sta te you that the War on Drugs has been an extraordinary achievement, wear? t permit them gull you. Practically week after week an athleticss star, film star, specialists functionary, or commended instrumentalist is uncovered for sedate utilization. Travel to the movies, twist on the broadcasting or remote, and you will see drugs are each piece a lot of a segment of the American culture as baseball and crusty fruit-filled treat. Indeed, even Bill Clinton and Newt Gingrich have confessed to trying different things with marihuanas. With tranquilize maltreaters mounting higher on the positions of society every day, it only makes for an increasingly bribable framework. No issue what amount is spent on advertisements and bar runs the medication employment will neer be fathomed with forbiddance. Youngsters just consider hostile to be ads as a way for the specialists to state them what to make. On the off chance that the specialists trusts it is winning the war on drugs, so where is the trou blesome relevant proof? The medication work has only grown-up more regrettable in the 90? s. This war must be halted in a split second. Each twelvemonth increasingly more income upgrade cash is squandered, with little or no results. I accept a legislature controlled sanctioning of medications is the solitary arrangement. Medications would never again be viewed as a way for adolescents to emerge against approval figures. The unlawful medication exchange that controls today? s roads would be non-existent. A consistent lessening in bondages would be seen, and vicious medication related would go down other than. Let us set a terminal to America? s second kind of restriction. Let us set a terminal to the? War on Drugs? . Catalog crackhead times.

Hope for the Axolotl On the Amphibian Extinction Crisis

Hope for the Axolotl On the Amphibian Extinction Crisis Today is the fifth annual Save The Frogs Day, a day to spread awareness about the amphibian extinction crisis. When I was in high school I used to spend this day at my little brothers elementary school with my pet frogs and a powerpoint presentation. This year Im sharing with you an essay I wrote two years ago. Some research has happened since then, and I encourage you to Google and PubMed for updates (and please post what you found in the comments for the rest of us to see). I hope you enjoy and I hope you learn something new. One of the strangest, most opportune gifts Ive gotten was a small plastic aquarium, from one of my best friends, on my sixth birthday. Misha had scrawled his name on the card, but you could tell it was one of those disappointing educational gifts that was actually picked out by the parents. I found it almost a year later in my closet, full of beads and wrapped in a pink feather boa. In a bout of the haphazard enthusiasm characteristic of that age, I dumped the beads on the floor and filled the aquarium with tap water and a bag of bright blue aquarium sand I found under the sink. That evening my parents bought me two aquatic frogs (both male). The bulk of my childhood was defined by those frogs. I spent hours every week watching them eat and swim in the mornings before my parents woke up. After my little brother was born we curled up next to their aquarium and watched them together, and when they died seven years later I had trouble falling asleep without their singing. The Axolotl Since then Ive branched out, extending my love for frogs to amphibians in general. My favorite amphibian today is the axolotl, because it eschews the very first characteristic were taught to associate with the class. Most amphibians are born in the water, metamorphose into their adult forms, and crawl out onto the land, not to return to their home ponds, streams, or lakes until theyre ready to lay their own eggs. The axolotl, on the other hand, never leaves its aquatic birthplace. In fact, it forgoes metamorphosis altogether, retaining its larval characteristics even as it reaches sexual maturity. Consequently the axolotl possesses for life not only its characteristic feathery external gills, but also unique regenerative powers. In humans and most other species, cells are trapped in their final forms after they differentiate. But because the axolotl does not metamorphose, its cells are capable of reverting to a state similar to stem cells, prefatory cells that can develop into anything. Rather than plaster wounds with scar tissue like we do, the axolotl rebuilds injured tissue. The result is like new. Amazingly, these abilities extend well beyond the level of tissues: the axolotl is capable of regenerating entire limbs, even when they include parts of the spinal cord and the neurons inside it, and even parts of the brain. Since the 1960s, the axolotl has been studied in hopes of understanding its regenerative powers and applying them to other organismsâ€"perhaps even humans. The axolotl is, in essence, the closest thing in nature to a fountain of youth. Unfortunately, the days of the axolotl and any secrets it hides are numbered. Of the two Mexico City lakes the wild axolotl once persisted in, one, Lake Chalco, has been drained to subdue flooding, destroying the axolotls and other animals within it. The other, Lake Xochimilco, has been reduced to a heavily polluted system of canals and small lakes fed by water treatment plants. Axolotls exist in six isolated areas of the former Lake Xochimilco, mostly clumped around the few remaining natural springs. When the Aztecs began building Mexico City, Lakes Chalco and Xochimilco were a system of five large groundwater-fed lakes. The axolotl was prevalent in Aztec culture, ubiquitous in food, in cultural ceremonies, and in medicine. Today, Mexico is home to 375 identified amphibian species, making it the country with the fifth greatest amphibian diversity. At the same time, Mexico City is home to 18 million people, making it the third largest metropolitan area in the world. In the past two decades, the wild population of the axolotl has fallen sixtyfold. Today there are estimated to be between 700 and 1,200 axolotls in the wild. The primary threat to axolotls is habitat loss and the degradation of what little habitat remains. Pollution from Mexico City corrupts water quality, and UV-B radiation, caused by the degradation of the ozone layer, weakens young axolotls, making them more susceptible to predators and to disease. In addition, at least ten species of nonnative fish have been introduced into Lake Xochimilco. These invasive species have substantial niche overlap with the axolotls to compete with them for food and to eat their eggs and young. Human exploitation for food and medicine, meanwhile, is no longer a concern, as axolotls are scarce enough to be a rare catch for fishermen. The Amphibian The threat of imminent extinction looms over other amphibian species as well. Three summers ago, biologists from the University of the Andes in Colombia used a combination of genetics and almost a decade of field work to discover 11 new amphibian species in Panama, only to find that five were extinct by the time they were identified. In the past decade, 40% of amphibian species at the El Cope national park in Panama have disappeared. At 300 million years old, amphibians are the oldest four-legged vertebrates on Earth. Since the 1970s, however, they have been in decline. Today, according to the International Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, an inventory of all known species conservation statuses, 2.1% of known amphibian species are extinct, 32.5% are threatened with extinction, and 43% are declining. Threats to amphibians mirror those to the axolotl. Like the axolotl, other amphibians also suffer from habitat loss, pollution, exploitation by humans, and competition from invasive species. In addition, over 2800 amphibian species are threatened by the chytrid fungus, a deadly pathogen that kills up to 80% of amphibians within a year of being introduced and is spreading at a rate of 28 to 100 kilometers a year. Even the fungus can be traced to human influence. Many researchers believe that a warmer climate favors the propagation of chytrid, and that the current outbreaks are due to warmer temperatures, though this is controversial. Less debated is that recent changes in amphibian habitat, from climate change to urbanization, cause enough stress to compromise the amphibian immune system, making it more vulnerable to chytrid. Worse, disease transmission increases with diversity loss. As amphibian diversity vanishes, susceptibility to chytrid will only increase. One trait that makes amphibians particularly valuable to us is their skin. Amphibians depend on their skin for everything from breathing to hydration to self-defense. Their thin, permeable skin gives them an especially intimate connection with the world around them, which includes the water they are born in, the land they live on, and the air they breathe. Because amphibians are especially sensitive to toxins and other harmful changes in the environment, they are often considered indicators of their habitats health. When trouble strikes, amphibians are often the first to go. And, indeed, trouble has struck. According to the IUCN Red List, almost 20% of vertebrate species are currently classified as threatened by extinction. Some, including nature writer David Quammen, worry that if present trends continue, the Earth will fall into a mass extinction comparable to those in Ordovician, Devonian, Permian, Triassic, and Cretaceous periods, characterized by a loss of over 75% of species. This was confirmed by a study published in Nature in 2011. Recent patternsâ€"multiple, atypical high-intensity ecological stressors, including rapid, unusual climate change and highly elevated atmospheric CO2â€"mirror those of past mass extinctions, say the authors of the study. Certain Doom? When I was in middle and high school, my parents and I used to canoe to the most sordid section of the muddiest marsh we could find. We put the stickiest seaweed in a Tupperware container where it lived, undisturbed, on my bedside table. Slowly, critters hatched out from the murk. All variety of creatures crawled out of the stagnant mess to explore. Usually the mosquitoes dominated the ecosystem. Tiny dots darted through the leaves and each other, growing into frenzied black clouds until finally the Tupperware was a thick fog of mosquito. Suddenly, after weeks, it stopped. The water dirtied and all lifeâ€"the jumpers and the swimmers and the crawlers and, finally, the champion mosquitoesâ€"vanished. Luckily for the axolotl, the probability of its extinction in present circumstances is low. A 2007 study by the National Autonomous University of Mexico determined that the population, while small, is stable. Furthermore, the 2011 Nature study warning of a sixth mass extinction concluded that the current loss of world biodiversity does not yet amount to one. However, the same study that concluded that axolotls are safe also noted that their population consists primarily of one-year-oldsâ€"though axolotls can live up to 17 years in captivityâ€"because pressure from predators and insufficient habitat kill most axolotls at a young age. The study concludes that a small reduction in egg and larvae survival rate increases the calculated probability of extinction within the next 20 to 50 years to 100%. The same goes for the rest of the world. According to the 2011 Nature study, the extinction of those species currently marked as critically endangered would be enough to pull us irretrievably into a sixth mass extinction. After the species currently marked as endangered and vulnerable go extinct, the loss of biodiversity corresponding to a mass extinction will take only several centuries, orders of magnitude faster than the typical two million years. Our world would soon be unrecognizable. Possible Solutions According to the 2007 study by the National Autonomous University of Mexico, the best options for saving the axolotl are to restore their habitat to a state more conducive to the survival of eggs and young. This includes improving the quality of water, extricating foreign fish, and re-establishing Lake Xochimilco as more than a series of canals. Current efforts revolve around building axolotl sanctuaries in Lake Xochimilco, in which the axolotl are separated from the invasive fish by wooden gates. Another option, reintroduction (freeing lab-raised axolotl populations into the wild), has been considered but rejected, for fear of spreading chytrid fungus to and reducing the genetic diversity of the wild population. The possibility of introducing healthy captive populations into the wild has similarly been considered for saving other amphibian populations, but cautiously. In one case, the reintroduction of the Majorcan midwife toad introduced chytrid to the island of Majorca, infecting the reintroduced toads as well as other amphibians on the island. Another option is to fight fungus with bacteria. Some amphibians naturally have symbiotic bacteria on their skin that produces antifungal agent, protecting them from chytrid. Culturing bacteria from healthy wild populations in the lab and then inoculating as yet untouched populations can boost their immunity. This was attempted in 2008, when scientists captured all the tadpoles from a pond in Majorca, treated them with medication for chytrid, and, after draining the pond with a bucket and leaving the basin to dry in hopes of eradicating the fungus, reintroduced the tadpoles in hopes that they would survive to repopulate the region. This method lowered the level of infection, but it did not eradicate the fungus. Lowering the level of infection may, however, be enough. A 2010 collaboration between the Oregon State University and the University of Colorado-Boulder concluded that the chytrid fungus requires a threshold of 10,000 zoospores per frog to initiate the collapse of an entire population. Since eliminating chytrid altogether does not seem realistic, reducing the amount of chytrid, perhaps by capturing frogs before the infection hits and treating them with antifungal agent, may be the best option. One method of achieving the effect on a larger scale, proposed in a 2011 study published in Nature, is to introduce these bacteria to soil in amphibian habitats. Another option, proposed by a 2011 study published in Science, focuses on keeping species alive in captivity in zoos and aquariums around the world. Though the axolotl is threatened with extinction in the wild, for example, there are currently over 1000 axolotls in captivity at the University of Kentuckys Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, which sends 15-20,000 axolotl embryos per year to labs worldwide. Captive populations could allow us to treat current problems before they lead to extinction, or to maintain the option of reintroducing the animals if their native habitat is restored. Unfortunately, note the authors of the 2011 Science paper, only 3% of threatened amphibian species are represented in zoos. Overall, only 37% of threatened species and 18% of near-threatened species are represented in zoos. This is commendable, but not enough. Biodiversity in Policy The above solutions are regional and short-term. Solutions to the greater, directly human-caused problems of habitat destruction and global climate change must happen on a much broader scale. Cutting down our contributions to habitat destruction and climate change is the most difficult and most important thing we can do to preserve the world as we know it. In 2002, at the first meeting of the Convention on Biological Diversity, world leaders committed to significantly cut down extinction by 2010. 2010, in a similar manner, was declared the International Year of Biodiversity. A 2010 analysis of data in the IUCN Red List and recent progress in conservation, published in Science, estimates that without our efforts to mitigate our effects on the environment, twice as many species would now be threatened with extinction. But this is not enough. We fell radically short of our goal of reducing extinction rates by 2010: the rate of biodiversity loss has not slowed, according to a 2010 report on progress toward the Conventions goals, also published in Science. The 2010 analysis of the IUCN Red List insists that the only way to cut down biodiversity loss is to completely turn our act around: hope lies in reversing detrimental policies, fully integrating biodiversity into broad-scale land-use planning, incorporating its economic value adequately into decision making, and sufficiently targeting, funding and implementing policies that tackle biodiversity loss, among other measures. The Convention on Biological Diversity met again in 2010. The measures taken were not nearly as drastic as science has deemed necessary. Every year, according to the first 2010 analysis, an average of 52 vertebrate species move one Red List category closer to extinctionâ€"from vulnerable to endangered, from endangered to critically endangered, and, finally, from critically endangered to extinct. If we are to have any hope of preserving the world as we know it, we cannot afford another decade of falling short.

The Role of Islam in African Slavery

Slavery has been rife throughout all of ancient history. Most, if not all, ancient civilizations practiced this institution and it is described (and defended) in early writings of the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Egyptians. It was also practiced by early societies in Central America and Africa. The Quran prescribes a humanitarian approach to slavery: free men could not be enslaved, and those faithful to foreign religions could live as protected persons, dhimmis, under Muslim rule (as long as they maintained payment of taxes called Kharaj and Jizya). However, the spread of the Islamic Empire resulted in a much harsher interpretation of the law. For example, if a dhimmi was unable to pay the taxes they could be enslaved, and people from outside the borders of the Islamic Empire were considered an acceptable source of slaves. Although the law required owners to treat slaves well and provide medical treatment, a slave had no right to be heard in court (testimony was forbidden by slaves), had no right to property, could marry only with permission of their owner, and was considered to be a chattel, that is the (moveable) property, of the slave owner. Conversion to Islam did not automatically give a slave freedom nor did it confer freedom to their children. Whilst highly educated slaves and those in the military did win their freedom, those used for basic duties rarely achieved freedom. In addition, the recorded mortality rate was high -- this was still significant even as late as the nineteenth century and was remarked upon by western travelers in North Africa and Egypt. Slaves were obtained through conquest, tribute from vassal states, offspring (children of slaves were also slaves, but since many slaves were castrated this was not as common as it had been in the Roman empire), and purchase. The latter method provided the majority of slaves, and at the borders of the Islamic Empire vast number of new slaves were castrated ready for sale. The majority of these slaves came from Europe and Africa -- there were always enterprising locals ready to kidnap or capture their fellow countrymen. Black Africans were transported to the Islamic empire across the Sahara to Morocco and Tunisia from West Africa, from Chad to Libya, along the Nile from East Africa, and up the coast of East Africa to the Persian Gulf. This trade had been well entrenched for over 600 years before Europeans arrived, and had driven the rapid expansion of Islam across North Africa. By the time of the Ottoman Empire, the majority of slaves were obtained by raiding in Africa. Russian expansion had put an end to the source of exceptionally beautiful female and brave male slaves from the Caucasians -- the women were highly prized in the harem, the men in the military. The great trade networks across North Africa were as much to do with the safe transportation of slaves as other goods. An analysis of prices at various slave markets shows that eunuchs fetched higher prices than other males, encouraging the castration of slaves before export. Documentation suggests that slaves throughout Islamic world were mainly used for menial domestic and commercial purposes. Eunuchs were especially prized for bodyguards and confidential servants; women as concubines and menials. A Muslim slave owner was entitled by law to use slaves for sexual pleasure. As primary source material becomes available to Western scholars, the bias towards urban slaves is being questioned. Records also show that thousands of slaves were used in gangs for agriculture and mining. Large landowners and rulers used thousands of such slaves, usually in dire conditions: of the Saharan salt mines, it is said that no slave lived there for more than five years.1 References Bernard Lewis ​Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry, Chapter 1 -- Slavery, Oxford Univ Press 1994.

A Good Nutrition Starts With The Basics - 881 Words

â€Å"A good nutrition starts with the basics: a well-rounded diet, fresh fruits and vegetables, healthy fats, and high sources of protein† I totally agree with this fact. Our overall eating pattern plays a vital role in reflecting our health. So focussing on my 7 day meal, I can say that intake of 2 fruits/day (apple,kiwi,banana,pear,orange,cantaloupe) have really helped me in providing fiber and vitamin C,A to my body. They have been my strengths and a fact that I know is that they have been helpful in maintaining my skin and hair. The level of Sodium was maintained pretty well. Drinking water in right amount is necessary as it does contain sodium depending on the source but it was one of my strength. I try to have 6-8 glasses of water everyday. It controls the way our muscles and nerves work and helps in controlling the fluid balance when body needs salts. I try my best to have control on cholesterol and sugar as everyone in my family is suffering from hereditary problems. One of the mistake I have been doing is taking in less grains. And as a result of that I’m not able to make out more calories and lacking in providing enough proteins to my muscles. Food such as quinoa,whole wheat bread/ roti, cornflakes, milk, sprouts, broccoli, carrot, beans, chopped salad, peanut butter, tofu, leafy greens seemed to be helpful but I was not able to meet the recommended target. I have decided to increase the intake of â€Å"good carbs†, fats and protein. I did not find any of the nutrientsShow MoreRelatedThe Proper Nutrition1699 Words   |  7 PagesThe Proper Nutrition Many people across the globe are fascinated by showy commercials about losing weight. Often, these commercials guarantee that their customers will lose up to ten pounds in less than a week from using a fancy gizmo gadget workout machine. Some offer their viewers a diet plan that consists of little foods that make most people binge by the end of the program. 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One of the most important things in playing any sport is making sure all the basics are mastered

Living in the Free Essays

Torso’s City 3 eye characteristics: average individual incomes decreased by 20% or more between 1970 and 2005 relative to the Toronto average individual income Neighborhoods comprise about 39% of the city neighborhoods Key issues deterministic-planning a lack of regard for the post-colonial and immigrant experiences of the families that live there large concentration of poverty and lives lived amid crowded high-rise buildings and housing projects the constant surveillance and media representations of violence perpetuated by the City of Toronto Police, Housing Corporation, and media outlets Defining the Ghetto (A first approach) The 40% criterion: â€Å"an area in which the overall poverty rate in a census tract is greater than 40 percent. The ghetto poor are then those poor, of any race or ethnic group, who live in such high-poverty census tracts†¦ Visits to various cities confirmed that the 40 percent criterion came very close to identifying areas that looked like ghett os in terms of their housing conditions. Moreover, the areas selected by the 40 percent criterion corresponded closely with the neighborhoods that city officials and local census urea officials considered ghettos†¦ Let is important to distinguish our definition of ghetto tracts based on a poverty criterion from a definition based on racial composition. We will write a custom essay sample on Living in the or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not all majority black tracts are ghettos under our definition nor are all ghettos black. Arrows and Bane 1991:239-241) Defining the Ghetto (A second Approach) â€Å"the ghettos’ of space and group-specific institutions all four major ‘elementary forms’ of racial domination, namely, categorization, discrimination, segregation and exclusionary violence† (Loci Yucatan: Urban Outcasts, 1995) â€Å"the hypertext’ Is moreover defined by the â€Å"physical dilapidation, social decay and stunning depopulation† that has further led to a â€Å"collective demutualization† and â€Å"absent presence† of the state (course reading) What researchers find in Torso’s inner city Schools? Violence and Cultural Complexity This is where the documentary intervenes: The film looks into how violence is based on a logic of reciprocity (code of honor) and how this logic/dynamic can be interrupted It assumes/demonstrates how former actors of violence (gang leaders) take on a new role as interrupters of violence It lows insights into people’s aspirations and dimensions of everyday life (resilience and where alternatives originate) What needs to be discussed Does the film reproduce an ‘ecology-centered’ discourse or does it allow for seeing the cultural complexity of violence in a broader perspective? The Interrupters (Documentary) Dir. Steve James Film about â€Å"violence interrupters† in Chicago â€Å"who use their own personal experience and street credibility to work in the communities† (film synopsis) Discuss along with L. Waistcoat’s article (same context) How to cite Living in the, Papers

Each year there are about 250 people added to deat Essay Example For Students

Each year there are about 250 people added to deat Essay h row and 35 executed. From 1976 to 1995 there were a total of 314 people put to death in the US 179 of them were put to death using lethal injection, 123 were put to death using electrocution, 9 were put to death in a gas chamber, 2 were hanged, and 1 was put to death using the firing squad. The death penalty is the harshest form of punishment enforced in the United Sates today. Once a jury has convicted a criminal, they go to the second part of the trial, the punishment phase. If the jury recommends the death penalty and the judge agrees then the criminal will face some form of execution, lethal injection is the most common form used today. There was a period from 1972 to 1976 that capital punishment was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Their reason for this decision was that the death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment. The decision was reversed when new methods of execution were introduced. Capital punishment is a difficult issue and t here are as many different opinions as there are people. In our project, both sides have been presented and argued fully. Different forms of the death penalty are more humane than others. In the 1920s people decided that lethal gas, or the gas chamber, was more humane than death by electrocution. Nevada was the first state to adopt the gas chamber as their form of execution. The Humane Death Bill was passed abolishing all other forms of execution (Hanging or firing squad were the only other two forms of execution at that time) in the state of Nevada, this bill was signed by the governor on March 28, 1921. Not long after electrocution was tried as being inhumane, the gas chamber was challenged as being cruel and unusual punishment also. Gee Jon and Hughie Sing were the first two people to be sentenced to die by lethal gas. Justice Coleman, after the appeal was denied, relied on the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment to try and prove that the courts was not able to say that lethal gas was a painless way of putting a man to death. He tried to prove that it would subject the victim to either pain or torture. Many people attended the execution of Gee Jon, some of who were physicians and scientists. They came to try and prove that this was a humane way of killing a man, and were unanimous in the end, pronouncing this as a quick and painless method of execution. Several of them said they thought it the most merciful form yet devised. (Vila, pg. 78-79) This is what happened to the victim according to A. Huftaker, E. E. Hammer, and Major D. A. Turner of the Army Medical Reserve Corps., The man went unconscious after his first breath of the vaporized acid (liquid hydrocyanic acid). Since the man was unconscious he did not feel any pain and died almost instantly. There for the death penalty was for that time a humane way of killing someone. Electrocution was also done away with in Florida. In its place came lethal injection. The 74 year old oak chair was banished after the second messed up execution in seven years. Jesse Taferos in 1990 and Pedro Medinas on march 25. These cases were the basis for the accusation that the electric chair was cruel and unusual punishment. In both executions, flames shot from the prisoners heads when the current of electricity was turned on. The chairs head gear was blamed for this problem. It was brutal, terrible. It was a burning-alive, literally, said attorney Michael Minerva after witnessing the Medina execution. .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be , .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be .postImageUrl , .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be , .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be:hover , .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be:visited , .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be:active { border:0!important; } .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be:active , .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: W.E.B DuBois thoughts on education EssayAfter all this happened the question of what would replace the electric chair if and when Florida got rid of it came up. The answer to that was lethal injection, a mix of drugs that sends a person in to unconsciousness and then kills them. This was described as similar to putting an animal down. This was a method already employed by 32 states and seemed like the best solution to the problem at hand. Of the 32 states already using lethal injection Florida Corrections Commission surveyed 17 of these states. The majority of these states said that they switched to the needle, lethal injection because it is the most humane form of capital punishment. Florida took polls showing the death penalty was strongly supported. Texas, the first to use lethal injection in 1982, and other states has had this form of capital punishment tested in court time and time again and it has always come out as being valid and humane to the victim. Is Capital Punishment humane? Which methods, if any, are humane? The Prolonged suffering of an individual is not humane. Pain is subjective and it is Impossible to know with certainty the experience or range of experiences of those who undergo execution. Botched executions, where the offender lingers on before death, don not offer opportunities for us to assess the experience. (Executions in America pg.47) When the execution goes according to plan, the person doesnt live to tell about the experience and the effects of it. Execution can be a vary long and brutal process, when something goes wrong. Long ago, in the United States, hanging was he most widely used method of execution. the persons spine was supposed to snap. During the 18th Century and earlier, hanging were often botched. If the prisoner failed to die from the drop then they would slowly suffocate. If the prisoner was too heavy then the fall could rip the head from the body. The electric chair replaced hanging. The goal of electrocution is the paralysis of the heart and respiratory system. This happens through the burning of the internal organs. Willie Francis was a prisoner who experienced only a few seconds of electrocution and survived. This was a result of a malfunction of the machinery. He said that the experience was quite painful and that My mouth tasted like cold peanut butter. I felt a burning in my head and my left leg, and I jumped against the straps. I saw little blue and pink and green speckles.(Costanzo-44) A year later he was executed again. As you can see from these examples, the executed often undergoes horrific physical and even emotional abuse. Can you imagine living through electrocution and going through the process one, two, or three more times!Although we first think of the effects on the executed, we dont always think of the effects on other people. There are people directly and indirectly involved. For example, Jurors, prison officials, the families of the condemned, and e ven the families of victims witness or are tied to it some other way. Botched executions can be the result of mistakes by the executioners, equipment problems or struggling by the prisoner. In order to perform lethal injection a prisoner with a history of intravenous drug use, the executioner may have to surgically locate a deeper vein. Even a small error in dosage or administration can leave a prisoner conscious but paralyzed while dying, a sentient witness of his or her own, slow, lingering asohyxiation.(Costanzo-46) The executioner has to live with the fact that there were the cause of the agonizing death of another human being. A man lying face up on a hospital gurney is subjected to what looks like a routine medical procedure. The only difference is that the goal is to kill instead of heal.(Costanzo-47) In 1951, Eliso Mares was put to death by a firing squad. The prison staff likes Mares and so they aimed away from his heart Mares bled to death and it was a slow lingering proce ss. Again, the executioners were at fault. In 1985, Alpha Otis Stephens was shocked with three 1,900 volt of electricity. When Stephens was shocked the first time, he struggled for breath for eight long minutes. he was shocked again but witnesses spotted him continuing to gasp for air. After 23 more breaths he was shocked one last time. Fred Leuchter, a major designer of the electrocution machinery, gave his opinion on the cons of the electric chair: If you overload an individuals body with current Youll cook the meat on his body. Its like the meat on an overcooked chicken. If you grab the arm, the flesh will fall right off in your hands.. That doesnt mean that he felt anything. It simply means that its cosmetically not the thing to do. Presumably the state will return the remains to the victims family for burial. Returning somebody who has been cooked would be in poor taste. This would affect the victims family. Even if they chose not to watch the execution, the remains can be just as emotionally harmful. In the example that I started earlier, you can gather that is would not be pleasant to see your son or daughter executed numerous times or shocked a number of times. .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1 , .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1 .postImageUrl , .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1 , .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1:hover , .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1:visited , .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1:active { border:0!important; } .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1:active , .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1 .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Impact of Child Abuse EssayAs you can see from the above arguments there are many paths you could take as far as if the death penalty is humane or not. As an over all out come of this paper I think that lethal injection is the most humane form of execution. The reason for this is it is really hard to botch this type of execution but the others such as electrocution and hanging can be botched quite easily. Although over all I think that the death penalty is a bad solution to this problem, the idea of two wrongs dont make a right comes into play in this case quite stongly, if it is really needed then I would have to say that lethal injection is the most humane form of execut ion. Although it is humane, I dont think I would be able to go through with actually being executed or executing someone.

Free Essays on Score Ratings

Although my consistency score was relatively high being a twelve I disagree with some of the tests’ outcome. On the other hand I believe some of my scores to be true for me. My â€Å"achievement† level was considered low, which is the opposite of what I would think when looking at my life. I strive for the best constiently and never give up until I think I have achieved all there is possible to accomplish in a certain task. However, when I finish a job and am satisfied I feel secure and get a high from this achievement thinking I’m ready for the next. When it comes to â€Å"order† I have teenage tendencies to be stubborn or rebellious, but I am usually pretty organized. I feel I can accomplish more if I’m organized, and this goes along with my score in the order category. I had a high â€Å"exhibition† which fits my personality to a tee, I would love to teach or give lectures. My â€Å"autonomy† was also high and I think this is because I am very self-suffcient, since I have moved out of my house this characteristic in my personality has come out even more. I know what I have to get done and do it. My â€Å"affiliation† was low which again is the opposite of me, I love people and feel stimulated around them. My friends are like family, and I have very close relationships with them. â€Å"Intraception† is me in some ways and not in other ways. I like trying to figure out what people are thinking or why or how they came to that conclusion however I don’t distrust people, just purely am interested. When it comes to â€Å"dominance† the test showed I need to dominate, but in reality I fear responsibility. I had a very low score for â€Å"abasement† and it worried me that low scores are hard to interpret. My high score in â€Å"change† predicts my adventurous nature and interest of new experiences. All in a ll I could have applied some aspects of each category to my life whether high or low. The test helped me identify mo... Free Essays on Score Ratings Free Essays on Score Ratings Although my consistency score was relatively high being a twelve I disagree with some of the tests’ outcome. On the other hand I believe some of my scores to be true for me. My â€Å"achievement† level was considered low, which is the opposite of what I would think when looking at my life. I strive for the best constiently and never give up until I think I have achieved all there is possible to accomplish in a certain task. However, when I finish a job and am satisfied I feel secure and get a high from this achievement thinking I’m ready for the next. When it comes to â€Å"order† I have teenage tendencies to be stubborn or rebellious, but I am usually pretty organized. I feel I can accomplish more if I’m organized, and this goes along with my score in the order category. I had a high â€Å"exhibition† which fits my personality to a tee, I would love to teach or give lectures. My â€Å"autonomy† was also high and I think this is because I am very self-suffcient, since I have moved out of my house this characteristic in my personality has come out even more. I know what I have to get done and do it. My â€Å"affiliation† was low which again is the opposite of me, I love people and feel stimulated around them. My friends are like family, and I have very close relationships with them. â€Å"Intraception† is me in some ways and not in other ways. I like trying to figure out what people are thinking or why or how they came to that conclusion however I don’t distrust people, just purely am interested. When it comes to â€Å"dominance† the test showed I need to dominate, but in reality I fear responsibility. I had a very low score for â€Å"abasement† and it worried me that low scores are hard to interpret. My high score in â€Å"change† predicts my adventurous nature and interest of new experiences. All in a ll I could have applied some aspects of each category to my life whether high or low. The test helped me identify mo...

The 5 Worst Ways to Hunt for a Job

The 5 Worst Ways to Hunt for a Job Doing everything right and still not getting the gig? Make sure you’re not breaking any of these five hard-and-fast rules before despairing. The problem could be your strategy! 1. Getting stuck in search enginesFor every online application you submit, try to find an ‘in’ somewhere instead. Troll your LinkedIn for personal connections. Reach out. Use your network. That direct introduction could be the difference between an online application and an actual interview. Instead of doing keyword job searches, sign up to get Job Matches based on your entire profile.2. Applying to everythingYou’re amazing and you’re versatile, but you’re not qualified for everything. Make sure you’re not applying blind to absolutely every job, no matter whether you are qualified. Or, if you don’t look right on paper but can make a case for yourself, try and reach out directly to the hiring manager. If you’re not matching up to job requirements, co nsider taking a class or honing a new skill for the next round of applications.3. Expecting a breakSure, you’re a fast learner. But sometimes a company wants to hire someone who can jump right in the ring. Being a â€Å"fast learner† is great, but don’t expect that that will always get you through the door. Focus your energy instead on convincing your interviewer why you’d actually be perfect for the job, rather than claiming you can catch up as you go along.4. Being too aggressiveOkay, we get it. You’re looking for work. But networking is networking. Allow time to build a relationship before sticking your resume in a new connection’s face. Try and build a real relationship before you start asking for favors- or a job!5. Calling too muchIf you haven’t heard anything, play it cool. A simple, respectful follow-up email checking on their decision-making timeline will do fine. There’s a difference between proactivity and desperatio n. Make sure you’re on the good side.If you’re guilty of any of these five faux pas, consider trying a new strategy. These common sense guidelines should be a productive start.5 Job Search Tactics You Should Stop Immediately

The Impact of global recession on microfinance in Asia.(approximate Assignment

The Impact of global recession on microfinance in Asia.(approximate topic) - Assignment Example Thus, micro finance narrowly deals with the provision of small loans to low income individuals to help them start small business ventures. Microfinance does not involve large loans as poor people seldom need large loans or want to start big business ventures. Microfinance advocates believe that providing access to finance can help poor people in getting the resources to help themselves out of poverty. Poor people are usually avid savers but they save in kind rather than in cash. Jewelry, gold, animals and building materials are examples of things that they save which might not always be turned into cash easily. If they require finance, they borrow from relatives or landlords and other informal mechanisms which are often exploitative. (Micro finance, 2008) The modern microfinance mechanism is accredited to Dr. Muhammad Yunus of Bangladesh, the founder of Grameen Bank. He experimented with lending to poor women in rural areas and achieved great success due to high repayment rate and in terest rates. Although, bankers were unwilling to assume the risks and costs associated with micro lending, micro finance institutions succeeded in focusing on women and charging high interest rates that the poor were willing to pay. Although micro credit institutions have existed since the 1700’s, it wasn’t till Grameen Bank in 1983 that the approach to micro finance changed. Currently, it is considered a vital element in the eradication of poverty as it enables the poor to lift themselves out of their situation. (The history of Microfinance, 2006) The report covers the role and limitations of microfinance as well as the effect that the recession has had on this sector. It further takes Kazakhastan’s microfinance sector into account and the implications the downturn has had on it. The importance of microfinance: According to a study by Robinson (2002); 90% of the citizens in developing countries lack access to financial services from established institutions wh ether it is for credit or savings (Vincent, 2004). The impact of the financial sector on the economy and growth of the country is great and this unavailability of finance leads to the vicious poverty cycle of low investment, low productivity and thus low growth. Microfinance is a tool to empower the power, to provide them resources to invest in venture that will increase productivity and lead to economic growth. Although there are conflicting views to microfinance’s real contribution to economic growth and poverty alleviation it is a vital socio-economic tool. The importance of microfinance is that it focuses on the grass roots rather than on dev elopement from top. It focuses on the basics likes a woman getting a loan to set up a PCO and not on setting up industries; thus microfinance is within the grasp of the poor and does not require grand visions but rather baby steps. The investment of credit in an enterprise that leads to the generation of income increases economic gro wth and development. It not only leads to higher productivity but rather a higher standard of life. It expands income sources and increase aggregate demand thus has a multiplied positive effect on the economy and the lives of the poor. It is important to realize the importance of microfinance in providing income that is sustainable, the ventures that microfinance should focus on should be economically and environmentally sustainable to be successful so they help

Reflect on the alignment between your skills and attributes and those Essay

Reflect on the alignment between your skills and attributes and those required in commonwealth bank of the accounting profession - Essay Example There is an array of environmental characteristics to which an accountant working with Commonwealth Bank is exposed to. Some of the major operations taking place at the Bank are private and business banking, enterprise and group services, dealing with markets and institutional banking, retail banking service and wealth management. No matter what kind of environmental traits an accountant is exposed to his skills and attributes must be always aligned. To work as an accountant at the Commonwealth Bank one need to have some professional skills as well as some expertise in his or her respective field. In addition to having the basic accounting skills the accountants must also have some other essential skills such as being computer literate and possessing in depth understanding of spreadsheets. As an accountant at Commonwealth one has to deal with petty cash, the investments and bank accounts of other people, so it is necessary that he or she is trustworthy and honest. It is important that the accountant adheres to all the organizational and accounting policies. Commonwealth Bank likes to include individuals in the firm that are good at multitasking. The Commonwealth Bank also likes to include fresh graduates as interns in their team. The reason the Bank likes to welcome new talent is because it wants that minds with new and innovative idea should be the part of the organization and come up with creative new ideas. The firm does not desire for graduates having much experience as interns. All they are looking for are interns willing to work and learn with the bank on a contractual basis. All they require to have is the basic accounting knowledge and computer and presentation skills. Commonwealth Bank may ask its accountants to lead teams for various important projects. They are also required to oversee projects and enforce the policies of the Bank. It will be an advantage for the Bank if the accountant possesses strong communication skills as it will be

Importance Of Needs Assessment In Nursing Practice Nursing Essay

Importance Of Needs Assessment In Nursing Practice Nursing Essay Confidentiality and anonymity must be maintained at all times to protect the identity of the service user, carers, families, healthcare settings and other professionals involved. Any breach of confidentiality will result in an automatic fail. This essay will discuss the importance of needs assessment in nursing practice. In relation to case study 2 about a 68 years old Afro Caribbean retired bus driver male called Carl, who has being married for 45 years with 5 grown up children and 8 grand children. He smokes 20 a day and enjoys nightcap before sleep. His latest vital signs observation are respiratory 20 rpm, blood pressure 168/105, pulse 92bpm, Spo2 95% and BMI 32kg/m2 and he is on statin, betablocker, aspirin, frusemide medication. Currently his wife has notice Carl seems to have forgetfulness, he couldnt remember his way home from the super market and keep losing items. He is getting frustrated and taking it on his wife and grand children, especially when he cannot read them a story. This essay will discuss the importance of needs assessment in nursing practice. It will identify a service users needs base on a scenario and the appropriate assessment tools required for his care. And from the tools identified, one will be prioritised and apply on his condition. Finally the essay will summarise the experience of using the assessment tool and how it will help in future learning. Patients assessment is the collection of data about an individuals health state that identifies and defines patient problems in order for solutions to be planned and implemented in line with their preferences (Roper el at 2000 p 124). Therefore, a clear idea about health is important because this determines which assessment data should be collected. The world Health Organisation (WHO) (2001) defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Whiles this is a broad definition, it implies that the nursing approach to health care is holistic in nature and therefore health assessments should reflect that philosophy with it focus on the whole person and their context. Nurses are obliged to take in to consideration patients physical, emotional, spiritual, social and intellectual needs when making an assessment (Department of Health 2004). ` Therefore, when nurses are conducting health assessment on a person it may requires acknowledgement of techniques of collecting and analysing subjective data which is what the person says about them selfs during history taking. And objectives data which is what nurses observe by inspecting, percussion, palpating, and auscultation during physical examination (Department of Health 2003). Potter and Berry (2005) argue that if inaccurate, incomplete or inappropriate data is recorded then the overall care of the patient may be affected, including wrong diagnosis and even wrong treatment. NMC (2002), code of professional conduct, urged all nurses to work in a professional manner and abide by the policies set out by the trust they work in. it suggest that the recording or documentation of information is essential and any deviation could lead to potential consequences for the individual if their standards are not met. The purpose of health assessment is to make judgement or diagnosis because all health treatments and decisions are based on the data gathered during assessment; it is paramount that the assessment is factual and complete, providing the foundation for clinical decision making (RCN, 2007). This gathered information provides a comprehensive description of the patient. It focuses on the patients needs at that moment in time and possible needs that may need to be addressed in the future (NMC, 2007). Its a fair and accurate account of the individual and their life. Overall assessment is a way of delving deeper into a patients illness and preventing more problems from arising. In relation to case study 2 about a 68 years old Afro Caribbean retired bus driver male called Carl, who has being married for 45 years with 5 grown up children and 8 grand children. He smokes 20 a day and enjoys nightcap before sleep. His latest vital signs observation are respiratory 20 rpm, blood pressure 168/105, pulse 92bpm, Spo2 95% and BMI 32kg/m2 and he is on statin, betablocker, aspirin, frusemide medication. Currently his wife has notice Carl seems to have forgetfulness, he couldnt remember his way home from the super market and keep losing items. He is getting frustrated and taking it on his wife and grand children, especially when he cannot read them a story. Newson (2001) suggests that, for a process to commence a model of assessment is utilised and this model needs to be holistic in all aspects of patients needs. Therefore proper attention needs to be paid to the biological, psychological and social situations of the patient. It is important that the health assessment includes a thorough examination of the patients activities of daily living (Department of Health, 2002) .The twelve activities of daily living (ADL) are communication, safe environment, breathing, eating and drinking, elimination, washing and dressing, temperature, death and dying, mobility, working and playing, sexuality and sleep (Roper, Logan and Tierney model 1985). Although, the Roper Logan Tierney model has being criticized for the use of activities of living as a simple checklist and emphasis only on the physical aspect of patient care( Reed and Robins 1991). This contrasts with Newton (1991) who suggests that the description of the Roper Logan Tierney model (1985) have been varied over the years and describe the model as a system model. Also Pearson (1983) describes it as a systems/development-based model incorporating certain concepts of Dorothy Orems model and the conceptual framework of Hendersons model (Henderson, 1969). It is important to remember that all ADLs about our individual life activities are interlink and when one or more activities is affected due to illness then most of the activities can become compromised. (REF) After a thorough nursing assessment, the ADLs that are appropriate to meet Carls needs are communication breathing, eating and drinking, elimination, safe environment, mobility, working and playing. Communication is essential for building nurse patient relationship (Robinson, 2002). For Carl due to his state of forgetfulness, memory loos, out of character behaviour and frustration especially when he cannot read for his grand children, he may need referral to see opticians for eye check, and the MMSE tool can be use to assess his state of dementia. Breathing is the first sign every health professional look for during patient assessment. Being able to breathe normally ensures that we can attempt other activities without any difficulties for example running. For Carl his breathing can be affected by smoking for 20 pack years as well as his higher BMI can cause shortness of breath. Referral to the NHS stop smoking service or radiographs for chest x-ray to check for infection will be essential. Also regular vital signs check up and the use of the peak flow meter for checking oxygen level in the lungs or nebuliser will help. Ensuring adequate hydration and nutrition is essential if health is to be maintained and in Carls case he has a higher BMI and he is in a state of confusion. There is a difference between dying from nutrition and dying with nutrition. And in Carls case he is dying with nutrition as being over nourished with higher cholesterol level. Fanning H, (2003) suggests that Dehydration as well as UTI can contribute to his state of confusion. Both the (MUST) tool and the (MMSE) tool for assessment of possible dementia can be used (NICE 2012). Referrals can be made by nurses for Carl to see the dietician and also physiotherapist for physical exercise regime and dipstick for UTI. Elimination is very important, and in Carls situation review of his medications will be important since some may cause constipation or frequent urination e.g. furosemide. Higher BMI as a result of being Obese as well as chronic chest problems and constipation can cause urinary incontinent (Kamm, MA1998). Also In male, disease of the prostate may lead to the obstruction of the flow of urine (Abrams el at 2002). The Bristol stool chart can be use to assess constipation, the dipstick tool can also be used to check for infection or UTIs and the fluid balance chart can be use to assess for dehydration by checking input over output. Mobility can be a problem since Carl has a history of forgetfulness and the need to urinate frequently. Fear of not being able to find his way home, been incontinence in public and even fear of falling in a new environment may but him off from mobilising. Human assistance will be needed as well as the assessment of risk of fall. Carl may need assessment on Working and playing since he is retired, have memory impairment and get upset when he cannot read for his grand children. Socialisation seems impossible for him now due to his condition. Referral to psychologists for self worth exercise and also going to day centres to meet other people will help. According to the RCN (2004), nurses will always need an assessment tool to guide their daily nursing practice in terms of their professional accountability and responsibility. For any tool to be effective it must be integrated into daily activity as a standalone initiative it is unlikely to have a significant impact. In Carls condition the as human beings the capacity to sustain life is dependent on our ability to address biological needs including breathing, maintaining blood flow to all our major organs, eating and drinking, elimination waste, protecting ourselfes from injury or disease, exerciseing and resting. All these activities can be monitored through nursing observations of patient in our care, enabling us to decide whether any intervention is necessary to help them maintain their vital functions. In order to make accurate observations we need to learn the correct techniques and how to use relevant equipment. To appreciate the significance of the observations, we need a good understanding of relevant anatomy and physiology, and how to distinguish normal from abnormal functioning. We then have to decide whether our observation require further action, which might include double checking results, increasing the frequency of observations, reporting changes to the clinical managers, Universal Screening Tool (MUST) will be appropriate for his health. The reason being that, been over weight or having a higher BMIcontribute to a whole range of health problems such as heart conditions, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, stroke, sleep apnoea, cancer, gallstone, weak pelvic muscles and osteoarthritis (Department of Health, 2004). Heart disease for instance, is one of the most widespread main health risks of being overweight. Being overweight increases the probability of heart malfunction and blood circulation problems and may result in congestive heart failure (Miller el at 2006). He continued that, losing weight in this situation may not only avoid the above-mentioned ailments but as well assist normalize blood pressure, cholesterol levels and triglyceride and diminish inflammation in the body. According to Elia, (2003) MUST is a screening tool that has been devised for application to all adult patients across all health care settings. Malnutrition adversely affects physical and psychological function (Elisa, 2000; Stratton et al. 2003b) and impairs patients recovery from disease and injury, thereby increasing morbidity and mortality. BMI (body mass index) is an easy, inexpensive method of predicting the percentage of your body weight that is due to fat mass. BMI is found by dividing your weight (in lbs.) by your height squared (in inches) and then multiplying by 703. In adults, a BMI below 18.5 is considered underweight, 18.6 to 24.9 is considered healthy, 25.0 to 29.9 is considered overweight and above 30.0 is considered obese. Respiratory function has been studied extensively in relation to BMI. For those with lung diseases, including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and interstitial and vascular lung diseases, respiratory function is moderately to severely compromised. This compromise can be exacerbated by being overweight or having a BMI over 25.0. However, even in those with normal airway function, high BMI can impair respiratory function. Obesity and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases include emphysema, chronic bronchitis and asthma. COPD causes a decrease in elastic recoil of the lungs so that excess air becomes trapped in the chest. This stretches the muscles involved in respiration and compromises their function. The respiratory muscles must then work harder even at rest, increasing oxygen demand on an already taxed respiratory system. At a certain point during physical activity, COPD patients reach a level when increased effort does not further increase the amount of air that they can expire. Having a high BMI means having more weight for your muscles to support during mobility. Thus, if you have COPD, the level at which increased effort no longer provides an increase in expiration comes much faster since you are working harder to support your own weight. In addition, having a high BMI means having more weight on the chest for the respiratory muscles to work against. Sponsored Links Lose 2 Stone in 4 Weeks?Mom reveals the shocking truth  About the UKs hottest dietwww.constant-fitness.com/diet Underweight and COPD Although a high BMI can further impair respiration in those with COPD, once COPD progresses to a severe level, weight loss becomes problematic. Because of lower oxygen levels in the blood, blood becomes shunted from the abdomen into the heart and lungs. This causes malnutrition because the gut is not getting enough blood flow to properly digest foods. Additionally, severe impairment of the lungs causes the respiratory muscles to work so much harder that metabolism greatly increases, even at rest. Typically, severe COPD patients who are underweight have a worse prognosis than those who are overweight because they are essentially starving. High BMI in Healthy Individuals According to a 2005 study by Jones et. al., high BMI can severely impact respiratory function even in non-diseased individuals. The study found that both Functional Residual Capacitythe volume of air in your lungs after passive exhalationand Expiratory Reserve Volumethe volume of air you can expire after passively exhalingdecreased exponentially as BMI increased. Subjects who were morbidly obese were actually breathing close to their Residual Volumesthe amount of air in your lungs after forced exhalation. Another 2005 study by Medarov et. al. Supports Jones findings and also found that Total Lung Capacitythe maximum amount of air you can inhaledecreased with increasing BMI. According to the American College of Sports Medicine, being overweight has mechanical effects on respiration, due to increased weight on the chest wall and diaphragm. Being overweight also causes an increase in energy use at the same workload compared to a leaner person, so the respiratory muscles fatigue at lower intensities in heavier people. These effects may contribute to the decreases in Functional Residual Capacity, Expiratory Reserve Volume and Total Lung Capacity. Lung Diseases Caused by Obesity There are two types of lung disease for which obesity is a primary cause. The first is Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome, also known as Pickwickian Syndrome. Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome involves chronic hypoxemiatoo little oxygen in the bloodand hypercapniatoo much carbon dioxide in the blood. The second lung disease obesity can cause is Obstructive Sleep Apnea. This disease involves periodic airway collapse and increased airway resistance during sleep. As both of these diseases progress, pulmonary hypertension may occur and eventually cause cor pulmonalefailure of the right side of the heart. Domino Effect Because high BMI decreases lung function in both diseased and healthy individuals, an unfortunate domino effect often occurs. Since being overweight makes it harder to breathe, those with respiratory problems may become less physically active. Decreased physical activity causes your muscles, including your respiratory muscles, to weaken and break down, which in turn makes breathing even more difficult. A downward spiral begins, in which inactivity begets further respiratory problems and respiratory problems beget more inactivity Read more:  http://www.livestrong.com/article/84685-bmi-respiratory-function/#ixzz2I54s1yvb The Health Risks of Overweight and Obesity Dr Jeremy Sims  MB BS MSc MRCGP FRIPH FRSH PGDipHI DipNH MRNT Obesity isnt just a cosmetic problem; its very much a health problem as well. You may be reading this today because you are, or have been, very unhappy about your physical appearance. However, losing weight isnt just about looking good, it is about feeling good; its about being healthy and living a productive and comfortable life. Above all, it is about avoiding the terrible health consequences of carrying around excessive weight. The growing evidence shows that if you are overweight you are more likely to develop health problems, such as heart disease, stroke,  diabetes, certain types ofcancer, gout (joint pain caused by excess uric acid), and gallbladder disease. Being overweight can also cause problems such as sleep apnoea (interrupted breathing during sleep) and osteoarthritis (wearing away of the joints); and the more overweight you are, the more likely you are to have these health problems. In comparison, healthy and steady Weight Loss can help improve the harmful effects of being overweight. The latest studies show that by losing as little as 10 to 20 pounds you can dramatically improve your overall health status, whilst significantly diminishing your risk of disease. The Risks To Your Health Heart Disease and Stroke Heart disease and stroke are the leading causes of death and disability for both men and women in the Western World. Overweight people are more likely to have high blood pressure, a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke, than people who are not overweight. Very high blood levels of  cholesterol  and triglycerides (blood fats) can also lead to heart disease and often are linked to obesity. Being overweight also contributes to angina (chest pain caused by decreased oxygen to the heart) and sudden death from heart disease or stroke without any signs or symptoms. The good news is that losing a small amount of weight can reduce your chances of developing heart disease or a stroke. See dietitian, Juliette Kellows  Healthy Heart Diet  feature. Reducing your weight by 10 percent can decrease your risk of developing heart disease by improving how your heart works, reducing your blood pressure, and reducing the levels of blood cholesterol and triglycerides. Diabetes Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes) is the most common type of diabetes in the Western World. Type 2 diabetes reduces your bodys ability to control blood sugar. It is a major cause of early death, heart disease, kidney disease, stroke, and blindness. Statistically, overweight people are twice as likely to develop type 2 diabetes as people who are not overweight. You can reduce your risk of developing this type of diabetes by both losing weight and by increasing your physical activity. Furthermore, if you have type 2 diabetes, losing weight and becoming more physically active can help control your blood sugar levels. If you use medicine to control your blood sugar, Weight Loss and physical activity may make it possible for your family doctor to decrease the amount of medication you need Mohammed, MA (2009) Improving accuracy and efficiency of early warning scores in acute care. British Journal of Nursing. 18(1) 18-24 This article is a report on an experimental study to compare the effectiveness of hand held early warning computer system with the traditional pen and paper method Article 2. Johnstone C, Rattray J and Myers L (2007) Physiological risk factors, early warning systems. British Association of Critical Care Nursing. 12(5) 220-231 This article is a general article that provides background information on the topic of why early warning systems can improve patient care Article 3. Hughes LL (2009) Implementing a patient assessment framework in acute care Nursing Standard 24(3) 35-39 This article describes a service improvement initiative to improve patient assessment using an early warning score system over a4 month period at a Hospital in Birmingham Artcicle 6 Wheatley I (2006) The nurses practice of taking level 1 patient observations. Intensive Critical Care Nurse 22(2) 115-21 This was a survey conducted to discover the nurses practices of taking clinical observations in acute settings. It uses an observation data collecting tool (words 470) Read more:  http://www.ukessays.com/essays/nursing/examining-use-of-early-warning-scores-in-assessment-nursing-essay.php#ixzz2I5R87ePn Read more:  http://www.ukessays.com/essays/nursing/examining-use-of-early-warning-scores-in-assessment-nursing-essay.php#ixzz2I5QcaLAr Weight-control Information Network.  Do You Know The Health Risks Of Being Overweight?. Nov. 2004. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. 23 Oct 2006 Diabetes Statistics.  Total Prevalence of Diabetes Pre-diabetes. 2005. American Diabetes Association. 23 Oct 2006 The Nutrition Source.  Healthy Weight. 2006. Harvard School of Public Health. 25 Oct 2006 Obesity causes many of the most common diseases in the world. Being overweight can cause insulin resistance, which leads to Type II Diabetes. A diet high in fat and lack of exercise causes cardiovascular disease and congestive heart failure. Excess weight can cause sleep apnea and respiratory illnesses. Many top scientists believe the increase of average weight directly corresponds to the increase of cancer cases, including kidney, breast, colon and prostate cancers. Read more:  Effects of Being Overweight | eHow.com  http://www.ehow.com/about_4596213_effects-being-overweight.html#ixzz2I57jKX6t Advances in the recording of vital signs make it possible for nurses to monitor patients continuously, be it their heart function, arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure or oxygen saturations. The recordings generated by this equipment must be interpreted according to the patient and in conjunction with other observations. The concern is that nurses may become too reliant on using technology to carry out assessment. Burman et al (2002) describe how staff who are used to equipment can feel insecure assessing patients without this equipment to validate their findings. Within the competencies are skills such as venepuncture, cannulation, arterial blood gases (obtaining and analysing), and recording and obtaining ECGs. Docherty (2003) identifies the recording and interpretation of the 12-lead ECG as being pivotal in the assessment and management of patients who are experiencing chest pain. This is further supported by Harvey (2004) who discusses the assessment and management of patients suffering from angina. However, it is further complemented by accurate physical assessment of the patient. Basic is a term that is frequently used to describe blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate and temperature. However, I would argue that this undervalues these observations. Breakell (2004) identifies respiratory rate as one of the most important signs and yet one of the most frequently omitted clinical observations. Carberry (2002) also found this to be a problem in clinical practice. The objective of observation is to monitor patients progress, thus ensuring the prompt detection of adverse events or delays in recovery (Stevenson, 2004). Respiratory rate is pivotal to assessment. Many scoring systems incorporate respiratory rate, such as: APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Score; SIRS Systemic Inflammatory Response Score; Assessment tools Neiderhauser and Arnold (2004) identify the importance of assessing the health risk status of patients, and the indications for intervention. A wide variety of assessment tools are in use to facilitate assessment and ensure the reliability of the process. For example the EWAS/MEWS tool can be use to check vital signs and avoid patients deterioration. EWAS is use for the assessment of unwell hospital patients, using 5 simple physiological parameters, mental response, pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, respiratory rate and temperature. It scoring system can be calculated at the patients bedside, using a simple and inexpensive equipment to measure any parameters. Of all the parameters respiratory rate is said to be the most sensitive indicatory of a patients physiological well being. Breakell (2004) identifies respiratory rate as one of the most important signs and yet one of the most frequently omitted clinical observations. Carberry (2002) also found this to be a problem in clinical practice. This is logical because respiratory rate reflects not only respiratory function as in hypoxia or hypercapnia, but cardiovascular statusas in pulmonary oedema, and metabolic imbalance such as that seen in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)( REF). Department of Health (1999b) Making a Difference: Strengthening the Contribution of Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors. DH, London the health problems that stem from being overweight go way beyond the ones we usually hear about, like diabetes and heart disease. Being overweight can also affect a persons joints, breathing, sleep, mood, and energy levels. So being overweight can impact a persons entire quality of life. Dangers of being Overweight Some of the dangers of being overweight include developing: High Blood Pressure:  When you have excess body fat, your body retains sodium. When your body retains sodium, blood volume increases and blood pressure rises. High blood pressure causes your heart to work harder, which is dangerous for the heart. Diabetes:  Obesity is the leading cause of type 2 diabetes. Excess fat makes your body resistant to insulin. When your body is resistant to insulin, your cells cant get the energy they need. Stroke Abnormal blood fats:  A diet high in saturated fats increases the level of LDL (bad) cholesterol. Osteoarthritis:  Excess weight adds pressure to joints and wears away at the cartilage that protects them. Sleep apnea:  The more overweight a person is, the greater more severe the sleep apnea will be. Cancer:  Men and women who are overweight have a higher risk of developing many different kinds of cancer. Gallstones:  Gallstones are more common in people who are overweight. The connection between gallstones and weight is unclear. Weak Pelvic Muscles Physical Discomfort: As fat accumulates, it crowds the space occupied by yourorgans. People who are overweight may have difficulty breathing, walking or sitting. Heart disease is 1 of the most widespread main health risks of being overweight. Being overweight to a great extent increases the probability of heart malfunction and blood circulation problems and may result in congestive heart failure, heart attack, angina (chest pains), abrupt cardiac arrest or unequal heartbeat. Weight loss in this situation may not only avoid the above-mentioned ailments but as well assist normalize blood pressure, cholesterol levels and triglyceride and diminish inflammation in the body. Cancer is one of the foremost causes of death in the United States, and is frequently a result from fat cells that affect cell growth and multiply beyond capacity. Colon, esophagus, and the kidney are the most affected regions of the body. Being obese has also contributed to uterine as well as postmenopausal breast cancer in females. Sleep apnea, Osteoarthritis plus other Health Difficulties In sleep apnea the sufferer experiences short lapses of breaths during nighttime. This in turn makes the person tired right through the day, making it hard for him to concentrate on work. In some cases, heart failure has also been noted in patients suffering from this ailment. The lapse of breath happens due to the increased size of the cells of the neck, obstructing the windpipe at certain intervals. Dropping weight may decrease the size of the neck and diminish the pressure on the windpipe and make breathing easy. Osteoarthritis is another health risk of being overweight. In this particular ailment, the joint bone and the tissue that protects joints (cartilage), wear away. The joint bone of numerous parts of the body like the hip, knees, plus lower back are the main targets of Osteoarthritis. Being overweight places a lot of heaviness on the joints, which might lead to this condition in the long run. Dropping  weight  will let down the  body fat  and lessen the aches and pains. Excess fat accumulates in the liver cells and causes the organ to inflate, leading to injuries. This results in Fatty Liver diseases. This disease can lead to severe liver injury, built-up of scar tissue that blocks the proper blood flow to the liver (cirrhosis), and complete liver breakdown. It is relatively similar to alcoholic liver damage but does not inevitably mean that it cannot affect those who do not consume alcohol. Taking communication for instance, it is essential for building nurse patient relationship (Robinson 2002). It is important, for example for nurses to know during assessment whether a patient can hear, understands the language in which a question is being asked or can answer by speaking or sing language. And if they cannot hear, do they wear hearing aids, if so in which ear. Language barrier can be a major problem during assessment, but interpreters, family and friends can contribute and help. However, very often accurate information will not be given, preventing full assessment of patients needs. The use of braill and flashy lights is also important during assessment for patients who are blind or deaf. Newton (1991) suggests that descriptions of the Roper, Logan and Tierney model (1985) have been varied over the years. The model has been described as a system model (Aggleton Chalmers, 1987), as a model that incorporates multiple theories (Thibodeau, 1983) and as an activities of living model based on human needs (McFarlane, 1980). Farmer (1986) has described it as having a functional approach. Pearson (1983) describes it as a systems/development-based model incorporating certain concepts of Dorothy Orems model and the conceptual framework of Hendersons model (Henderson, 1969). It seems fair to suggest that the Roper, Logan and Tierney model has had criticism over time. Indeed, the model has been criticized for the use of the activities of living as a simple checklist (Reed Robbins 1991), the emphasis on solely the physical aspects of patient care (Minshull et al 1986, Walsh 1989), and the simplicity of the model (Walsh 1991). Bellman (1996) suggests that the first two problems indicate an inappropriate introduction and implementation of the model in practice. We have done nursing assessment and for Carl the ADLs that are a

Othello and the Moor of Venice Essay

The play, the Tragedy of Othello and the Moor of Venice, written by William Shakespeare has many underlying and reoccurring themes throughout. One major theme is that of betrayal and loyalty. During the entire play every character is either loyal to, or betrays another character. The theme of betrayal and loyalty is seen through every character and every act in the play especially in Iago, Desdemona, and Othello. Every character that is portrayed as being loyal is disloyal, and every character that is portrayed as being disloyal is loyal. No one ever knows who and who not to trust, and this adds a lot of drama and build up to the story line. This play shows you that you can never trust anyone, and that you should keep your friends close but your enemies even closer. In such a web of love, hatred and betrayal, it is really hard to say who are the protagonist and the antagonist. But, through these gray areas, one could see that sometimes such strong emotions could change one to another. Yet with A. C. Bradley, the play was described as â€Å"by far the most romantic figure among Shakespeare’s heroes†(Shakespearean Tragedy, 1). This is an irony at play. The description is quite unexpected since it is about a man who murders his own wife. Nonetheless, it could be observed that this crime resulted from Othello’s feelings of hate for Desdemona which had when their relationship began, started as an overwhelming love for her. The transformation from love to hate that transpired within Othello also inflicted the characters Iago and Roderigo and hatred induced them to murder of innocent people as well. Roderigo’s love for Desdemona was transformed into hate towards any man that he thought was loved by her. Iago’s love for his job and his wife, Emilia changed into a destructive hatred of Cassio and Othello. As a result of their hatred Cassio, Emilia, and at the end they were killed. The connection between love and hate in William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello† is the ugly feeling of jealousy that caused such transformations. Jealousy can be described as a fear of losing something or someone that is valuable (Godfrey 2). As minor as this feeling appears to be by that definition, it can take on varying degrees of damaging behavior. Othello, Roderigo, and Iago had become paralyzed by jealousy. Their thoughts, actions, and behaviors were ruled by it. Jealousy caused their inability to act rationally. They became paranoid and unable to love. Roderigo begins with a small jealousy of Othello for being married to Desdemona. It isn’t until Iago makes Roderigo believe Desdemona does not really love Othello that Roderigo becomes destructive. Roderigo pays Iago for this false hope that he will be with Desdemona (1162). When he believes he is getting closer to being with her, however, Iago tells him that it might not happen because Desdemona is in love with Cassio (1169-70). Roderigo is greatly angered by this and resolves to do what it takes to stop Cassio from getting Desdemona even if it means taking his life. His attempt to kill Cassio, however, is unsuccessful, and instead he is the one injured (1175). Roderigo is no longer consumed with thoughts of being with Desdemona. Instead he is consumed with feelings of hatred toward those who might have her love and attention. Othello had a deep love for Desdemona in the beginning of the play. He was however also very insecure of Desdemona’s love for him (Mabillard 1). He doesn’t understand why she would go against her father and her society by marrying a man that is black (1). The only reason that he can come up with is that she married him for his courageous journeys (1). In Act I scene iii he explains to the Duke, â€Å"She lov’d me for the dangers I had pass’d† (Shakespeare 1157). In Act III scene ii he tries to put his doubts to rest by telling himself that Desdemona’s compassionate and virtuous nature makes it possible for her to love him (Mabillard 1). However, when Iago starts to plant ideas of her infidelity into Othello’s head the doubts resurface and his insecurity becomes stronger than ever before (2). His insecurity about his worth to Desdemona combined with the reaffirmation from Iago of her affair creates his heated jealousy. After Iago provides the last piece of proof that Othello needs (the handkerchief in Act IV Scene i) Othello only has hatred for Desdemona. But it must be understood that, Desdemona, is a character of both betrayal and loyalty. Yet in a very different way, for when she is disloyal to a character it is out of loyalty and love for another character. She must lie to her father to be with her true love Othello Desdemona tells her father that she is loyal to him, but has to choose Othello over him (Othello, 1, 3, 208-220).. In relation to the history of the Moors in Europe, the Moors were looked down upon as with Desdemona’s father looked down on Othello. Moor’s were seen as being barbaric and ruthless warriors, only bred for being ruthless warriors and nothing else. That is why it is so profound that Desdemona is so undeniably in love with Othello and will do whatever it takes to be with him, even turn her back on her own family. Desdemona is always loyal to Othello throughout the play and Iago does his best to disprove this by getting into Othello’s mind. Othello believes Iago and says Desdemona is disloyal and cheats on him and does not trust her when she says, â€Å"For ‘twas this hand that gave away my heart. † (Othello, 3, 4, 52) Desdemona does her best to prove to Othello that it is only he that she loves and no one else. Othello has been deeply brainwashed by Iago and is scared into believing that Desdemona may be cheating on him with Cassio. This causes Othello to seek revenge on Cassio, and ruins his relationship with Desdemona. Iago really is the mastermind of all betrayals and jealousy, and Othello falls for it badly. As Albert Gerard explained in his article â€Å"‘egregiously and Ass’, The Dark Side of the Moor: A View of Othello’s Mind,† if Desdemona failed him than everything failed him (5). He was dependent on her for representing truth in the world (5). She represented an ideal image of purity to him (5). In Act III scene iii he exclaims, â€Å"If she be false, O! Then heaven mocks itself† (Shakespeare 1191). Since â€Å"the vision† of her is so highly valued, the possibility that she is a lie devastates Othello (5). D. R. Godfrey notes that Othello’s jealousy is strong enough to make him crazy (â€Å"Shakespeare and the Green-Eyed Monster† 2). He loses the ability to think rationally which is why he doesn’t seek the truth from those supposedly involved and the circumstantial evidence is enough, in his eyes, to justly murder Desdemona (2). Godfrey further supports Othello’s inability of rational thought by his idea that Desdemona and Iago have slept together â€Å"a thousand times†(3). If Othello were thinking rationally, he would have known that there couldn’t have been enough time for them to have that deep of an affair (3). His hatred of Cassio is apparent as he tells Iago â€Å"Within these three days let me hear thee say that Cassio’s not alive† (Shakespeare 1196). Before he comes to believe that Cassio is having an affair with his wife, Othello valued him enough to appoint him as lieutenant. Othello transforms from a man who loves deeply and lives with honor into a man full of hatred and vengeance. Like Roderigo, such a transformation occurs because of jealousy brought on by the words of Iago. Iago makes the cause of his loathing for Othello and Cassio apparent in the first scene of Act I: Cassio’s appointment as lieutenant being one (1145) and the second being his suspicion that Othello has slept with his wife, Emilia (1163). D. R. Godfrey describes these experiences to Iago as â€Å"devastating, to the point of working a profound and sudden change in Iago, a virtual metamorphosis † (â€Å"Shakespeare and the Green-Eyed Monster 6). Othello’s trust of Iago shows that he had once been a loyal, honest man (Watkinson 2). He even refers to him as â€Å"honest Iago† on multiple occasions (2). Watkinson explains that Othello’s dependency on Iago becomes even stronger when Iago brings the supposed affair to his attention († The Ironic Interdependence of Othello and Iago 3). He also manipulates Roderigo into thinking that he is only looking out for his best interests. Iago’s jealousy breeds a stronger hatred than Othello’s and Roderigo; so strong that he doesn’t care who gets hurt in his revenge (Godfrey 6). He wants everyone to suffer like he has (6). Iago disregards Roderigo’s well being when he tells him that he should get rid of Cassio so that he can be with Desdemona. He also disregards the life of Desdemona by telling Othello that she is sleeping with Cassio. He directs his hatred towards anyone that seems to live honestly (Godfrey 6). The more his plan seemed to work, the more his hatred was acted out. In the last scene of the play, Iago kills Roderigo for the fear that he might reveal his plan (Shakespeare 1222). He then calls Emilia a â€Å"villainous whore† and stabs her after she tells Othello that she had picked up that handkerchief and given it to Iago at his request (1231). Iago represents the strongest form of hate in Othello. While Roderigo and Othello took out their hatred on only those that they thought had caused it, Iago took it out on those innocent as well. In Act III Scene iv, Emilia tells Desdemona that â€Å"They are not ever jealous for the cause, but jealous for they are jealous; ‘tis a monster begot upon itself, born on itself† (1201). Othello, Roderigo, and Iago were each responsible for letting their jealousy get out of control. Although Iago was partly to blame, Othello is responsible for not relying on contrary evidence to prevent him from murdering Desdemona. Roderigo is responsible for letting his hatred lead him to attempting to murder Cassio. Jealousy turned romantic love into anger and hatred for Othello and Roderigo. Iago’s jealousy, however, manifested from a love of power, making it all too dangerous. He sought out power by manipulating others to get the revenge he wanted on Othello and Cassio. All three, however, are examples of the destructiveness that can come from love struck by jealousy. Paradoxically it is Iago who tells Othello â€Å"O! Beware my lord, of jealousy; It is the green-ey’d monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on†(Shakespeare 1188). Ultimately, this becomes the downfall of everybody.